The Dawning Of Mourning Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Dawning Of Mourning Essay, Research Paper The morning of mourningThe Catcher in the RyeJD SalingerLittle, Brown, 1951When JD Salinger # 8217 ; s The Catcher in the Rye was foremost published, the reappraisals were hostile and dismissive. However, by 1953 when I, a huffish 17-year-old American, read the book, it was already a authoritative. I could declaim whole transitions by bosom while looking suggestively into the eyes of my day of the month who, like me, thought everything about the grownup universe was, as Holden Caulfield said, # 8220 ; phoney # 8221 ; .The book celebrated the good English pupil, the sensitive foreigner, the child who in today # 8217 ; s universe might be a # 8220 ; gross out # 8221 ; . It mocked the cruel athletes and the successful 1s who played by the regulations. Holden may hold been expelled from assorted schools, but all virtuousness, all human kindness, was expelled with him.In the 1950s, conformance and lip service were the enemy of all that was critical, interesting, original, promising and true ; at least this is how we saw the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dawning Of Mourning Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Holden would non be silenced. He would non conceal in the fog that covered us all. He had existent feelings.So many of us loved Holden Caulfield because he, like us, was an foreigner that, had we noticed, it would hold been a major logical job. If the figure of manque Holdens was anyplace equal to the figure of those who carried the book the manner Jehovah # 8217 ; s Witnesss pack their Christian bibles, how stray or singular could we be? Were we in fact foreigners, or were we simply foot soldiers in a new ground forces that was to look in the sixtiess? However, it was, Salinger # 8217 ; s attack on the # 8220 ; phoney # 8221 ; that seemed to me the kernel and the glorification of the book.But when I picked it up once more late and reread it, I saw that I had, in fact, missed the point. This short novel is about mourning and loss. Holden # 8217 ; s journey through assorted schools begins with the decease of his brother of leukaemia and his parents # 8217 ; effort to protect hi m by non leting him to go to the funeral. He locks himself in the garage and interrupt his custodies in rage. It is mute heartache that ails Holden.The following decease in this book is of a schoolmate bullied into falling out of his residence hall window. This decease is besides non discussed by the grownups in the school and is covered up wholly. When Holden admirations in a celebrated transition about where the ducks in Central Park go in Wisconsin nter, it is clear he is wondering about the disappeared, the unspoken of, the removed, the dead. While isolation, dramatic loneliness are common to the adolescent soul, what was particular to Holden was his hard-earned knowledge that death was coming, had come and no one would speak of it.Holden said that when he grew up he wanted to be a â€Å"catcher in the rye†. This catcher was a person who would run through the fields that were on the crest of a sharp cliff and whose responsibility it was to catch the children playing in those fields before they fell to their deaths. Holden dreams of saving his brother, and perhaps not just his own brother.This book was written in the wake of the second world war, when all over America families had lost their sons and brothers and husbands – but in the culture at large this was not a time for mourning or remembering; it was a time for building and booming, and a determined optimism covered the grief that must have afflicted so ma ny.This book was also written in the face of the silence about the Holocaust. In the immediate post-war years, there was so very little comment on the deaths we knew had occurred. As with the the death of the weaker boy at Holden’s boarding school, no one seemed to care.The numbers of dead were shocking. The absence of those who would have lived and loved must have created a huge hole in humanity – but no one was talking about it, not in the early 50s, and certainly not in the late 40s when Salinger wrote this novel.Delicious isolation. A romantic sense of one’s self as special. A cold eye cast on others less prone to read poetry. These are the common marks of misfit adolescents on the edge of trouble. But Holden’s real trouble was silence, unrelieved mourning, grief he could not name.Decades later, I read this book, with affection, of course, for Holden, for my own misspent youth, but with a new appreciation for the ground the author was breaking. In tod ay’s world of grief counsellors accompanying every disaster, and therapists as common as bus drivers, mourning would never be allowed to fester unattended, which is, on the whole, a good thing. But The Catcher in the Rye remains the book that froze history at the moment before we could see ourselves as children falling from the cliff, as a people in mourning.

Themes of betrayal in james jo

Themes of betrayal in james jo Origins of the Theme of Betrayal in James Joyce's Dubliners Throughout his early years, certain people and events heightened Joyce's awareness of the hopelessly corrupt environment of Ireland that had betrayed so many of its own. The more profound of these enlightening inspirations were the betrayal and downfall of Charles Stewart Parnell, the indifference of Henrik Ibsen towards literary protests, the neglected native artistry of James Clarence Mangan, and Joyce's own role as Prefect. These occurrences provoked Joyce's bitter resentment towards Ireland, initiating the gradual alienation towards his church and homeland. The issue of betrayal is prevalent throughout Dubliners, for Joyce imagined it, hated it, and feared it.James Joyce was born into a country dominated by England, and the cause of Irish freedom captured his imagination at an early age. The spokesman for this cause was Charles Stewart Parnell, who became a heroic figure to Joyce. It was the early period of Joyce's life that saw Parnell greatest influence and tragic betrayal.English: Image from 1890. Out of copyright. From: ...By 1889 the attempt to implicate Parnell in the Phoenix Park murders of 1882 had failed, but in the same year he was accused of adultery in the divorce suit of captain O' Shea. At first it appeared that Parnell might weather this scandal, but a coalition of political enemies and devout Catholics ousted him from leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party, and the rural population of Ireland turned against their leader with savage hatred. Even Parnell's Lieutenant Tim Healy, who had vowed never to betray his leader, finally turned against Parnell. After a year of campaigning against his enemies, Parnell died on October 6th, 1891-this day marks the beginning of James Joyce's resentful feelings towards Ireland, which were eventually revealed in Dubliners.When Parnell's body was brought to Dublin for burial, thousands were waiting...

A Functionalist Perspective On Prison Sociology Essay

A Functionalist Perspective On Prison Sociology Essay Choose a social institution (i.e. family, education, religion, prison, economy, mass media) and explain it using the three major sociological perspectives: Functionalist Perspective Conflict Perspective Interactionist Perspective Sociological Perspectives 3 Abstract The social institution that I chose is prison; I chose the prison system because I wanted to see how prisoners are seen by society and why according to these three major perspectives. Functionalist Perspective – Functionalists such as Charles Darwin and Emile Durkheim view society as a system of highly interrelated structures or parts that operate harmoniously. (Tischler, pg. 21) The functionalist, interactionists they more so are subjective to the aspects of social life, instead of the objective structural aspects of social systems. The interactionists, is shifted away from stable norms and values, and toward continually readjusting the social process. Conflict theorists, on the other hand, such as Karl Marx and David Hume, view society as constantly changing in response to social inequality and social conflict. (Tischler, pg. 21) Sociological Perspectives 4 Crime-Functionalist Theory Functionalists believe that crime and deviance are inevitable and necessary for a society. Crime shows other member of the society what is right and wrong. Social consensus decides how right and wrong is determined. Crime can lead to social change, say the functionalists, because the existence of crime proves to the people in society that the government does not overly control the citizens. Crime can also help the economy of a society by creating jobs for law enforcement officers, psychiatrists, probation officers and the like. Even in the functionalist society, too much crime can be bad for the group, causing it to lose the standard harmony and eventually causing the society to collapse. (www.criminology.fsu.edu) Crime-Conflict Theory How conflict theorists see crime, and the laws governing them, are products of a struggle for power and control. According to the conflict theorist, a select few powerful individuals and groups make the laws, and those laws are enforced to outlaw any behavior that threatens their interests. The poor and powerless are much more likely to be arrested and convicted for serious crimes such as rape and murder, than the more powerful and wealthy. The crime rate among the poor is very high because of a lack of opportunities that were meant to improve the economical status and living conditions. The poor also lack education, skills, and a strong support system that is necessary for individuals to become productive, valued members of society (www.unc.edu).) Sociological Perspectives 5 Symbolic Interactionist Theory Sociology has another theory that could also explain race relations according to dominant and subordinate groups like whites and blacks in America is the Symbolic Interactionist theory. This theory focuses on how we â€Å"learn conceptions and meanings of racial and ethnic distinctions through interactions with others and how meanings, labels, and definitions affect racial and ethnic groups† (Mooney 176). One example the author uses is simply the difference in terms that use the word white and black and the difference in the connotations of these terms. For example, typically words that contain the word black are negative, such as blacklist, blackball, and black sheep. Studies clearly still demonstrate that whites are seen as more intelligent, harder working and more self-supporting than blacks. This labeling helps lead to the very thoughts we have about minorities, which in turn helps perpetuate their subordinate place in society.

Literature Review on Leadership Theories, Leadership styles and Research Paper

Literature Review on Leadership Theories, Leadership styles and Visioning - Research Paper Example This generosity and unconventional style has been adapted by many ICT companies. Facebook has the same casual office lay-out and also provides employees with free food. Viximo has a â€Å"come and go as you please† policy and actually encourages their employees to establish their own business. The question now is whether this leadership styles are really borne of the technology or a modification of the classic ones. Servant Leadership As early as 1977, Robert Greenleaf already came up with Servant leadership theory. He argues that great leaders are the ones that serve his constituents. Yet, earlier thinkers like Socrates and Xenophon (Adair, 1989) believed that leaders should lead by serving and even earlier than that is St. Paul who publicly declared that his strategy in ruling other people and making them follow him is by serving them. This is the same strategy used by Jesus Christ. Though many may question his persona as God, no one can question the greatness of his leaders hip style (Cross, 1998). ... These things allow the employees to grow and learn and do their jobs (Dess and Picken, 2000). The test of whether or not servant leadership (Greenleaf, 1977) is effective lies in the productivity of the people within the organization. Servant leaders prove the system is working when people are more independent and able surpass the quality of work expected of them. It can be argued that an organization with a servant leader actually serves a purpose, not the person. Some examples of servant leaders are Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. They all rule their nation but put their cause front and center instead of relying on their persona. This allows the people to hinge their faith on a dream instead of a person. It strengthens their faith in a vision instead of a person (Zohar & Marshall, 2001). Action-Centred Leaders Adair (1973) also developed the Action-Centered Leadership theory. This leader clearly demarcates three levels of leadership: the team, the job, and the person. These thre e elements require separate strategies but also overlap as each cannot be operated in a vacuum, one must be operated in consideration with the other two. This theory argues that there is no leadership style that may be considered the best kind and that several styles may actually be used in a single organization by one person. The key is in determining what kind works best for a certain situation. If servant leadership puts the members’ need in front and center, ACL believes that the task is the most important element in leading an organization (Adair, 1989). Leaderless Theory This is, perhaps, the newest of the new theories that are emerging and also the one that is directly influenced by ICT. Ori Brafman and Rod Beckstrom

Analysis Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis Writing - Essay Example The last trait of his hierarchy of needs is self-actualization which serves as the pinnacle of human character’s highest inner traits such as our capacity to love, spirituality, to create and to have compassion. Although this was not empirically verified by Maslow himself, this theory of his about motivation still stands today (Goodman 1968). According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need, our needs motivate us to do the things that we do. The five levels of motivation of Abraham Maslow are physiological need, safety need, social need, esteem need and self-actualization need. The physiological needs are the physical needs that we need to satisfy in order to live such as eating when we are hungry, drinking when we are thirsty. Our safety needs on the other hand are our need to feel safe and secure and will act accordingly to this need when we are threatened to preserve ourselves. Our love needs are our need for belonging and love. People who have not satisfied this need will feel isolated and lonely. Self-esteem needs are the need to feel good about ourselves and this comes in the form of respect and how others perceive us. Finally, the self-actualization need which is the most complex of all is to the need to satisfy our need to be fulfilled whose methods could range in a lot of things from satisfying our aesthetic need, growth needs or plainly doing the things that we love and feel good about in doing it (Hoffman 1992). Applying these principles to some elements of my life, knowledge and experience, I can relate this to my present stature as a student. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can help solve some basic issues in my daily life such as procrastination and the understanding why I do things the way I do and make me better as a person by understanding myself more. I can apply here why I tend to procrastinate in doing some projects and admittedly, including studying and other school works. Analysing my stature as a student based on Maslow’s hierarchy

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay â€Å"The foundation of every state is the education of its youth†- Unknown Schools have been used as an avenue to encourage social control from many centuries ago whether it was for the betterment of our forefathers or to merely control them. They reinforce and transform young minds with the tools necessary to survive in this changing world and thus, prepare them for global independence. As a result, education has become critical since our system has been built upon the concept of the enlightened citizen, that is, an individual in touch with its cultural heritage who possess a working knowledge of the factors that make up the human ecosystem; an individual who understand the law, rights and responsibilities, possess the attitudes of fair play and co-operation and quality in the character and work of self and others. (Hartoonian, 1985) The instrument in building an enlightened citizen and thus prepare future leaders, is the curriculum. Hence, the curriculum ought to be tailored to produce citizens who recognize themselves as â€Å"Trinbagonians† and not individuals who see themselves as distant citizens of Africa, India or England. In this regard, leaders in politics, classroom, education, as well as businesses, should see themselves as leaders of â€Å"Trinbagonians† and not as â€Å"tribal† representatives. If we encourage constant talks of ethnic imbalance, then we will make race a defining issue of being a â€Å"Trinbagonian† Did our forefathers make race a defining issue when they fought for freedom and liberation from colonialism? Dr. Eric Williams and Dr. Rudranath Capildeo both petitioned for full internal self-government for all the peoples regardless of race, religion and ethnicity. Unfortunately, politicians today are prepared to clearly pass the blame of ethnicity and cultural imbalances from one party to another, rather than come up with solutions on how to deal with the issue at hand. Isn’t it part of their civic duty to govern the country without encouraging citizens to be subjected to any form of discrimination or inequality? Rather than pass the blame, all citizens, including our leaders should work towards obtaining a cohesive society; one which has developed satisfactory ways of coping with ethnic and cultural diversity and other strains in an open and democratic manner. This means taking action to reduce inequalities and restore equity so that these various divisions remain manageable and do not grow so as to threaten the stability of society (The European Committee for Social Cohesion). As a result, schools can foster the development of students’ cultural identity via citizenship education. Citizenship education evolves cohesion richness because the curriculum encourages, listens to and acts on student voice; focuses on authentic issues that are actionable and a curriculum that is learner led; supports the importance of playing an active part in democracy and develops skills of enquiry and communication. Therefore, school activities should encourage multiculturalism rather than ethnocentrism because ethnocentrism is viewed as lacking acceptance of cultural diversity and intolerance for outgroups (Berry Kalin, 1995). By exploring one’s history and sharing cultural traditions, beliefs and values, students can become more tolerant of diversity. As schools provide a safe and positive environment for all students regardless of their diversity, they also promote a sense of cohesiveness in the community. Trinidad and Tobago is referred sometimes as a pluralistic society because of its diversity in cultures, ethnicity and religion. From an early age of globalization, representatives from metropolitan governments, entrepreneurs, farmers, and workers arrived to this land in search of economic benefits for their homelands. As trade became insufficiently profitable, the Africans and East Indians were brought to this land as slaves and indentured labourers, respectively. The fact that these different groups came from different geographical origins and under different circumstances, arose a multitude of social and ethnic differences to which the colonializers used as a game to divide and rule. The majority of our ancestors were African and East Indian descendants and so could have been considered as â€Å"transience† in that they were either forced or tricked into being here. As such, they rallied together to fight for freedom and liberation and thus, out of Independence and Republicism, a nation was born. We acquired our symbols of nationhood and forged towards protecting and promoting our democracy. According to Dr. Eric Williams, democracy means recognition of the rights of others; equality of opportunity for all in education, in the public service, and in private employment; freedom of worship for all and the subordination of right of any race to the overriding right of the human race. Although we were a democratic nation, the effects of colonialism were still clearly pervasive in our government system, our education system and even in our social lifestyles. However, the cultural traits of the Spanish, English and French were incorporated with the African and other immigrants’ cultures to form one distinct culture, creolization; a combination of customs, cuisine, language and traditions that have marked the sociocultural development of this nation but, our leaders once again are to blame for the lack of promoting this cultural identity. According to sociologists, children learn what they live. Through the evolution of technology like better and cheaper communication, faster trade from all over the world and all the other commodities that the internet provides, our children are exposed to new cultures and thus, is being reinforced into the thinking of everything foreign is better. As a result, our Caribbean lifestyles have changed drastically for example, preferences of eating habits, dress, music and other social activities which have led to poor nutrition and communicable diseases; and so too, our cultural identity. Are our children exposed to their culture on a regular basis? Are programmes sharing our national heritage, our local music, our dance and traditions, readily available? How are our young ones going to become aware of their true identity if there are few opportunities for them to experience it? How do we develop and foster our cultural identity? To begin with, most of the inhabitants of Trinidad and Tobago are citizens by birth so, legally, they are Trinbagonians. As children begin to develop a sense of identity as individuals and as members of groups from their earliest interactions with others, one of the most basic types of identity is ethnic identity, which entails an awareness of one’s membership in a social group that has a common culture (Trumbull et al. , 2001). An identity is important for people’s sense of self and how they relate to others. For our citizens to feel a sense of commitment to the land they were born and thus promote a cohesive society, citizenship education can be an effective tool because it improves students’ attitude and loyalty towards their country as well as critical thinking skills which are crucial for social and economic transformation (Howe, G. D. Marshall, D. D. , UNESCO 1999). It helps them become informed, thoughtful and responsible citizens who are aware of their rights and responsibilities (UNESCO, 2003). Schools are seen as the best avenue to foster the development of one’s identity. They are a primary agent of socialization. It is here children develop trust, independence, the tendency to take initiative, the sense of competence and ambition, decisions about who one is, build relationships with others, make decisions about future generations and reflections on one’s life; in keeping with Erikson’s stages of development. The Ministry of Education of Trinidad and Tobago has adopted a philosophy based on the beliefs that every child has an inherent right to an education regardless their cultural background and that every child has the ability to learn and should be provided for his/her holistic development. Secondly, that the ethical and moral concerns are central to human development and survival and thirdly, fundamental constructs such as â€Å"decency,† â€Å"justice,† â€Å"respect,† â€Å"kindness,† â€Å"equality, â€Å"love,† â€Å"honesty,† and â€Å"sensitivity,† are major determinants of the survival of our multicultural society (Ministry Of Education Policy Paper, 1993 2003) thus, reinforcing citizenship and multiculturalism. Therefore, school activities should encourage multiculturalism rather than ethnocentrism because ethnocentrism is viewed as lacking acceptance of cultural diversity and intolerance for outgroups (Berry Kalin, 1995). Multicultural education was developed to promote structural equity and cultural pluralism. It is an opportunity because a society that learns to live with diversity is likely to achieve faster rates of economic growth and social development- if only by avoiding ethnic conflict (Smith, A. ). Educators must understand how factors of diversity can assist in enhancing learning and development of the children in their classroom because all schools have classrooms that comprises of students from multicultural backgrounds. According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, the development of a child is influenced by his interrelations with the multiple environmental contexts in which he lives and grows. This can play a part in shaping their cultural background as well as affect their behaviour and academic performance. As a result, educators’ behavioural instructions and differentiated techniques, appropriate teaching materials and adequate support and partnership among the school’s community should be effectively organized to meet the learning needs and abilities of very student and thus make their educational experiences the best possible. Schools can implement citizenship education in their curriculum and provide real life experiences to teach students how to exercise their rights and responsibilities. Provide programmes that seek to develop good character through honesty, integrity, self-discipline and hard work. Allow them to participate in activities that will allow the m to resolve conflicts nonviolently, use their talents wisely, participate in community-building activities, and build respect for themselves and others. Students can also participate in programmes that focus on how government and other institutions work and the importance of planning. They are encouraged to critically analyze and understand the interplay of social, economic and political forces in order to improve society. Identify and discuss citizens who have significantly contributed to their society and also encourage students to participate in activities to represent their school. A teacher’s job is to provide an effective learning environment for their students. As such, creating an environment by promoting diversity through the decoration in the classroom can create a sense of belonging and prevent discrimination. Posters used should offer different cultural perspectives and include people of different ages and races. Literature and other resources should carefully be selected so as to foster diversity and be relevant to students’ needs. Teachers should also set an example by making positive remarks, respect all students’ feelings and encourage students to be respectful to one another. In addition, using differentiated instructions to cater to the needs of all learners can promote inclusion. Planning teaching/learning instructions to be more constructive so as to engage students in active learning experiences and make learning meaningful and enjoyable can also promote multiculturalism in the classroom. One way is through the use of technology because in my class, students eagerly engage in learning when ICT is used. Another is the use of personnel (student/parents) to share cultural experiences, for example, the Hindus can share their experiences in celebrating Divali with the class for example, I teacher at a Roman Catholic school and there was a time when the Hindu parents organized a programme for the school to sanitize them on the festival. Students and teachers were invited to wear East Indian gabs and tudents were taught the names of familiar things in Hindi. It was an enjoyable experience for most of us. By encouraging other students to share their cultural beliefs and practices, students become aware of their differences as well as similarities and thus become more appreciative and tolerant. From a Vygotskian perspective†¦a major role of schooling is to create social contexts for the mastery of and conscious awareness in the use of†¦cultural tools (Trumbull et al. 2001). Celebrating students’ achievements can motivate and foster their self-esteem. As such, schools should promote achievement day and open-day so parents can see their children work and progress made in school. This also deepens the relationship between the school and parents because in educating a child, it takes cooperation and involvement from educators, parents, families, and the community. As research has shown, the greater the family and community involvement in schools, the greater the students’ achievement (Niemiec, R. Sikorski, M. , Walberg, 1999) will be. Educators must also ensure that the measures used to assess students’ performance and progress is fair and just and caters for every learner’s ability. Through the use of performance assessments and continuous assessments like projects and journals, students are able to reflect on their work and make improvements and thus, take charge of their learning. Leaders must be able to represent the needs o f all whenever they hold any position of authority. The proper management of activities in a school is the responsibility of individual principals as curriculum leaders in their school. Therefore, he/she must manage their school in a fair and democratic manner so as to ensure social justice and equity and make students, teachers and parents comfortable and safe. When citizens understand their democratic rights, they will be able to act in government fairly and responsibly. They will demonstrate true patriotism and loyalty as they show belief in the people that they serve. As our country continues to exhibit great diversity, the need for understanding and accepting the differences among all people has never been more important (Gomez, Rey A. , 1991). Through education, children can learn to accept others, become accustomed to the idea that there are many lifestyles, languages, cultures, and points of view and develop a sense of being citizens of a nation. Additionally, education for social cohesion is possible once it is practiced in schools; both in the classrooms and at the managerial and organizational level, and projected on the surrounding communities. Teachers must consider childrens cultural identities and be aware of their own biases. It is tempting to deny our prejudices and claim that we find all children equally appealing. Teachers and parents need to acknowledge the fact that we, like our children, are inevitably influenced by the stereotypes and one-sided view of society that exists in our schools and the media. Not only must we recognize those biases, but we must change the attitude they represent by accepting all children as we receive them (Gomez, Rey A. 1991). Thus, when our children grow up and hold any position of authority, they will act in a more responsible manner and promote democracy. It was through the exposure of all the cultures from our forefathers, whether they were imposed on them or freely practiced, a unique culture was formed. â€Å"We have learnt to live together rather than merely side- by- side. † (Laughlin, N. ) For that reason, we should work more on appreciating this culture and assisting ou r fellow Caribbean brothers and sisters in building one region.

Re-engineering the Corporation by Michael Hammer and James Champy Essay

Re-engineering the Corporation by Michael Hammer and James Champy Michael Hammer and James Champy became the uncontested "experts" to the corporate world for their blueprint of re-engineering. Why? What magical formula did these two individuals profess would make America great again? This essay will take a critical look at Hammer and Champy's book, Re-engineering the Corporation. Does this book have merit? Is it based on sound principles? It does not matter whether you agree or not, it only matters that you consider all the viewpoints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Moreover, image becomes all-important in competition, not only through name-brand recognition but also because of various associations of 'respectability,' 'quality,' 'prestige,' 'reliability,' and 'innovation.' Competition in the image-building trade becomes a vital aspect of inter-firm competition. †¦" (David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: 1989 page 288) What image did Hammer and Champy paint with their book? Let's begin with the title, "Reengineering the Corporation A Manifesto for Business Revolution". It is my contention that they [Hammer and Champy] wrote this book to profit on their knowledge and as such used a title that would embrace both the employer [Reengineering the Corporation] and the worker [A Manifesto for Business Revolution]. While both the employer and worker are concerned with the never-ending battle of "power and control" in the workplace, the employer also strives for greater profits [private company] or in a public sector are na, providing services more efficiently. The worker on the other hand is concerned with compensation [wages and benefits], job security, health and safety and advancement within the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However it is not only the title that is attractive to the Employer. The book cover has been designed to legitimize Hammer and Champy. Who would not want to read a book that was a "National Bestseller" printed by "HarperBusiness Essentials"? Furthermore, Peter Drucker [respected in the business world] has provided positive reinforcement that this is "An important book that describes the principles behind a new [my emphasis] and systematic [my emphasis] approach to structuring [my emphasis] and managing [my emphasis] work." (Hammer /Champy: 2001) As well, the back cover not only provides the necessary kudos for Hammer and Champy, it also hints to the unspeakable ... ...roach suggests that what is necessary is to reinterpret the current status and to accept that the subordinates are already powerful, rather than attempt to reverse what already exists."(IDRL 317: Book of Readings 2005 pg. 56) It would be narrow-minded to state that Hammer and Champy only became the "gurus" for reengineering because of image, however, their approach to the new work organization is neither new nor the only model to choose from. New technology has opened the floodgates for a more flexible and diverse workforce. Globalization has become the driving force behind the need for corporations to reengineer. Hammer and Champy did not have a magical formula but they were the first individuals to put common sense to paper. It is something to think about when considering reengineering. References: Reengineering the Organization, Study Guide, IDRL 317, 2005, Athabasca University Grint, Keith Reengineering History: Social Resonances and Business Process Reengineering, IDRL 317 Book of Readings 2005 Athabasca University Hammer M., Champy J. Reengineering the Corporation, HarperBusiness Essentials, 2001 Harvey D., The Condition of Postmodernity, Blackwell, 1989

Travel and Tourism Field : Bangkok Field Trip

Introduction Tourism is clearly understood as an eminent cause of umpteen changes involving various aspects, consisting of the destination's economy, politics and culture (Cohen, 2001; Crick, 1994). With these radical changes, local's hold different attitude towards tourism development and tourists themselves, both positively and negatively. Tourists behavioral, as one aspect leading to the influential of local's attitude towards tourism, were bought upon by their motivation to travel as well as their origin country and culture.MacCannell (1989) suggests that tourism is a social phenomenon that can be viewed as a stage where human interactions transpire. As for this case study, preeminent focus will be on what motivate tourists to travel, their behavior and interaction towards the locals, as well as how locals response to these behaviors of the tourists and their perception towards them. This study was limited in one specific tourism attraction in Bangkok. Tourism industry is a major economic factor in Thailand.With new shopping malls and hotels built in Bangkok over recent years, international visitors grew over 14 million vacationing in Thailand, ranking 18th most visited country in the world (Tourism Authority of Thailand, 2010). Brief interviews and observation will be focus onto the locals and tourists regard their behavior and interaction in Bangkok. Case study in Bangkok A different sense of space induced upon arrival at the airport, with heightened attention on the objectives of the study trip, eyes were wide open and attempting to spot on materials relevant for the research.During the trip, most of the traveling was done via walking and communication barrier was an obstacle to be tackled during interaction with the locals. In attempt to accomplish the study trip theme, three interviews were conducted with other tourists and eight conducted with the locals, those of known common languages. Interesting responses were given from the locals with different job roles. Culture shock arise while observing their socio cultural environment, specifically on the public response towards the young boy with both arm amputated under the blazing sun begging for money and how locals could dine under severe unhygienic conditions.Observation and experimental test proven local's attitude towards tourists can easily be manipulated with tipping and money. Many tourists with similarity nationality were spotted in the street of Phetchaburi shopping malls and streets. In aspect of tourism glaze, it was dishearten to watch other tourists with the same nationality to behavior in an unethical manner. Events as such were several wastage of food by the tourists due to the cheap pricing or fondness to try out Thai Cuisines rather than filling up and absurd bargaining by tourists in shopping malls. Literature reviewResearches and theories of others were studied to apprehend tourism motivation of traveling. Personality and motivation are interrelated, where perso nality could be divided into psychocentric, as non-adventuresome, and allocentric groups, as adventuresome (Plog, 1974). Dann (1977) and Crompton (1979) both emphasize the importance of â€Å"Push† and â€Å"Pull† factors shaping tourist motivations. Iso-Ahola (1982) suggests tourism motivation consist of extrinsic component, desire to escape the everyday environment, and intrinsic component, desire to acquire psychological rewards through travel in a different environment.Kozak's (2002) study examines the differences in tourist motivation between nationalities, as well as the destinations. His study discovered four dimensions of travel motivations includes cultural, pleasure or fantasy based, relaxation based and physical motives. Ambro (2005) suggests that when tourists interact in a certain destination for a long duration of time, a kind of place dependency will be developed and may even become part of their identity which develop their avidity to visit the place ag ain With aspect to tourism behavior, Ritter (1987) suggests that different tourist behavior is influenced by different nationality.However, Dann (1993) criticized the use of nationality as a sole discriminating variable for illustrating the dissimilarity found in the tourist's behavior. Additional variable such as age and gender differences plays a part on different motives and behaviors. Older tourists tend to travel based on relaxation and cultural exploration, whereas younger tourists tend to seek for physical activities and engage in sports when visiting a destination (Cristina. t al, 2008). Conversely Andreu et al (2005) identified that age of a tourist holds no significant influence on travel motivations. As for the gender differences regards to traveling, Andreu et al (2005) suggest that female tourist preferred a stronger escape based and relaxation motives while male tourist preferred more recreation and activity. Following reviews will be the fundamental studies on the loc al's perception toward tourism.Mass tourism generates dramatic changes in both physical and cultural environment, impacting on the values and traditional way of life in the local community. These changes force local to be actively involved in the tourism industry of the destination (Getz 1994). Ap et al (1998) claimed that a well-establish relationship between the locals and tourists was prerequisite for a tourist destination to achieve long – term development, yet the attitudes of the local hold highly irregular meanings towards the growth of the destination (Relph, 1976).Milman et al (1988) studied the positive attitudes towards tourists, with employment opportunities, income from taxes and increased quality of life as a positive impact of tourism. Mansfeld (1992) focused the perceptions of the local and examined the negative impacts of tourism. He suggested that locals with higher incomes from tourism hold more positive attitudes towards tourism. Furthermore, Duvall (2002) pinpointed the negative impacts of tourism, which were the high taxes and prices in the destination, no vacation for the locals and long working hours to earn money.Additionally, Jafari (2001) discovered six platforms of tourism, two platforms namely the â€Å"Advocacy† and â€Å"Cautionary† platforms emphasized the positive and negative impacts of tourism, which was supported by the previous studies. Liu et al (1987) analyzed local's perceptions of the negative impacts of tourism as a function dependent on the ratio between the number of tourists and locals. He claims that with higher ratio of tourists per locals will eventually lead to stronger criticism of tourism and a subsequent increase in opposition to tourism development.Contradicting to his analysis, Angel et al (2007) evaluated that the higher density of tourism in a destination, the more favorable people are to tourism development and less worried about the negative impact. Results and Analysis With limitat ions and insufficiency of time, three interviews were conducted with other tourist within the street of Phetchaburi, mainly Singaporean and Australian aging from 21 to 33. The general question posted to them was â€Å"What made you choose to travel to this place? The results from these candidates hold different opinions according to their nationality. From the two interviews conducted, both with the same nationality as Singaporean, a couple aging 24 and 25, and a group of three youngsters aging 22 to 25 respectively, similar results shown that their motives to travel was to escape from everyday routine life, to relax and most importantly, shopping. The first interview conducted with the couple also stated that it was their fourth time traveling to Bangkok because they love the place.These groups were classified as psychocentric (Plog, 1974), and were motivated as â€Å"Push† factors in relevance from Dann (1977) and Crompton (1979) studies. Motivated from the extrinsic compo nent (Iso-Ahola, 1982), they seek to escape from everyday life and decided to travel to Bangkok as an option. As for the first interview candidates, the results demonstrated Ambro (2005) study whereas they had treated Bangkok as their â€Å"second home†. On the contrary, results taken from the Australian couple hold different perceptive compared to the first two results.The Australian couple aging 31 and 33, both carrying bulky haversack, mentioned that they were on an adventure to sight Bangkok Grand Palace and Temples. Phetchaburi only served a pit-stop for them and had no interests in shopping, their desire to see and obtain new knowledge from different countries culture and history. In accordant with the motivation concepts, this Australian couple was classified as allocentrics (Plog, 1974), and were motivated as â€Å"Pull† factors in relevance from Dann (1977) and Crompton (1979) studies.Contrasting from the first and second candidates, they were motivated from t he intrinsic component (Iso-Ahola, 1982), seeking for new knowledge and experience from traveling where they were unable to achieve back in their country. In respect to the interviews conducted with other tourists, the two different nationalities, Singaporean and Australian, supported Kozak (2002) and Ritter (1987) studies as different nationality reflected different motives and behavior in tourism.Due to the small group sample in this study case, it was prejudiced to confirm the argument between Cristina et al (2008) and Andreu et al (2005), however observations during the trip were partially agreeable with Dann (1993), age and gender plays a role in different motives and behaviors beside nationality. Such observations were spotted in Platinum Mall, where most shoppers were young tourists, mostly females, bargaining on items in shops vendor. From the results of the eight interviews conducted by the locals, six expressed positively while two explained why tourism affected negatively towards the community.Corresponding to (Relph, 1976), these result signifies that not all locals hold the same perception and attitude towards tourism. Questions such as â€Å"What do you think tourism is Bangkok, Why† were posted to the candidates and results were recorded as follows. These six locals who expressed positively towards tourism stated tourism allowed them to make a living and increased their quality of life (Jafari, 2001; Milman et al, 1988). Out of these six locals, one which was the owners of traditional Thai massage centre indicated that locals with higher incomes from tourism hold more positive attitudes towards tourism (Mansfeld, 1992).Two locals, mainly the therapist and the shop vendor expressed negatively. According to the therapist, she stated that their pay was very little with long working hours during peak seasons, very tiring and limited job option as most job availability in the destination caters to the tourists industry (Duvall, 2002). As for t he shop vendor, she mentioned tourists bargaining of goods and items created a negative impact towards the businesses in the shopping mall, and would rather to locals as their customer because they do not bargain as much (Jafari, 2001).From the interview with the Restaurant Waiter, the results reflected relevance findings with Angel et al (2007), explained that it's a everyday norm to see tourists waste their food hence would not mind them doing so. In comparison with 3 of the interviews, conducted by the Shop Vendor, Manicure Practitioner and â€Å"Tuk Tuk† Rider, interesting results collected which demonstrated the inconsistency of local's perception towards tourism (Relph, 1976). Both Manicure Practitioner and â€Å"Tuk Tuk† Rider preferred tourist customer as they could earn more from them.Notwithstanding in the Shop Vendor's view as she preferred local customers. No such findings corresponds to Liu et al. (1987) study which local's perceptions of the negative impa cts of tourism as a function dependent on the ratio between the number of tourists and locals Studying both results from other tourists and the locals, as well with observation throughout the trip, various connections were discovered between the tourist and the locals in this case study.Starting off, evidences had pointed out different nationality plays a crucial role onto individual's motive in traveling, leading to various behaviors. Local's perceptions towards tourism vary with the tourist's behavior, which in-turn not only generates â€Å"nationality stereotyping†, but also â€Å"acceptance† towards their behavior. One distinct reason of such â€Å"acceptance† was tourism money.With this â€Å"acceptance† developed with the locals, enhanced service satisfaction was provided towards tourists rather than towards the locals themselves, which resulted high satisfaction level from tourist and eventuate high expenditure of them. There forth some locals atte mpted to take advantage whereas they tried to hike up prices of services and goods, holding the belief that most tourists would not be mindful of expenditure cost. Frustration occurred for every failed attempt, such examples could be observed from the Shop Vendor and the Taxi Driver.Possibility of such failure roots back to the tourist's nationality. This relationship not only associates the interactions between tourists and the locals, however evolved through the acceptance of tourist's behaviors and the level of local's intention to earn tourism money. Model 1: Overview of the relationship between the Tourists and Locals Model 2: Acceptance and Service level interrelation with Expectancy on earning from tourists Model 1 shows the overview of the relationships between tourists and locals found in this case study as mentioned previously.Model 2 displays a simplified graph, due to the lack of quantitative data collected indicate the higher level of acceptance and service level, the h igher expectancy and intention to earn tourism money. Conclusion The theoretical concepts extracted from literature reviews constitute discussion pointers on tourism motivation and behavior, as well as local perception and attitude towards tourism. In conclusion of this study case, the results highlighted the dependence of tourism's motivation and behavior on nationality.Thus, the results also evidence inconsistency of local's perception towards tourism. Evaluation of the analysis suggested a relationship between the tourist and the locals from the case study. The relationship indicates the acceptance of tourist's behavior as an influential component with the level of quality services provided, hence leading to the intention and expectancy on tourism money. The findings of this study display significant meanings and explanation on the inconsistency of local's perception towards tourism as well as their behavior towards ourism. Due to the location and sample quantity limitations from the study case, questions such as â€Å"does gender contribute to different tourism motivation and behavior† and â€Å"diversification of the relationship suggested from this case study between the tourists and locals in different destination† were yet to be answered. (2213 words) References Andreu, L. , Kozac, M. , Avci, N. , Cifter, N. (2005). Market segmentation by motivations to travel: British tourists visiting Turkey. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(1), 1-14. Ambroz, M. (2005).Sociology of Tourism: The basis for the investigation of travelling cultures. Portoroz: Turistica. Angel, B. B. , Jaume, R. N. (2007). Attitudes towards tourism and tourism congestion. JEL Classification, L83, 194-206. Ap, J. & Crompton, J. L. (1998). Developing and Testing a Tourism Impact Scale. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 120-130. Cohen, N. , eds. (2001). Ethnic Tourism in Southeast Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press. Crick, M. (1994). Resplendent Sites, Discorda nt Voices. Sri Lankans and International Tourism. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers. Cristina, J. , Dwayne, D. 2008). Does nationality, gender and age affect travel motivation? A case of visitors to the Caribbean Island of Barbarbos. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 25(3–4), 398-408. Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6 (1), 408-424. Dann, G. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184-194. Dann, G. (1993). Limitation in the use of nationality and country of residence variables. In D. Pearce & R. Butler (Eds. ), Tourism research: Critiques and challenges (pp. 88-112). London: Routledge. Duvall, T. (2002).Tourists and locals: the people of Mazatlan, Mexico have many reasons for welcoming visitors. Retrieved from http://www. academia. edu/711646/Analogous_Inequalities_Sources_of_Conversational_Hierarchy_in_Mazatlan_Mexico Getz, D. , 1994, Residents' Attitudes toward Tourism : A Longitudinal Study in Spey Valley, Scotland, Tourism Management, 15(4), 247-258. Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982). Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(2), 256-262. Jafari, J. (2001). In Hosts and Guests Re-visited. Smith, V. L. and Brent, M. (Eds. ) Cognizant Communication Corporation. New York.

Journal Article Summary and Application Essay

This paper presents the summary of the article â€Å"Staff development and student learning: A synthesis of research on models of teaching† by Bruce Joyce, Beverly Showers and Carol Rolheiser-Bennett published in the Educational Leadership on October of 1987. The second half of the paper will discuss how the findings of this paper could be applied to real life situations. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that theoretical assumptions of the authors about staff development can actually be used to enhance curriculums that would result to increased student performance. Summary This article argues that staff development must be and can be used to develop school programs and curriculums that would result to increased student performance and better learning. The authors discussed that the recent developments in the field of staff development have been very useful in designing new educational programs for students because the findings of said research have provided educational leaders the guide to which staff development can enhance student learning, provided innovative ideas and programs for more student involvement and a wider application of the different learning models. The authors assumed that the theoretical models and program designs that could be adopted to effectively improve student performance would only work in as much as how effectively the staff has been developed and trained. Thus, for the authors, staff development should come first before any improvements or programs can be designed and developed. The most important aspect of the measure of student performance and improvement was the effect size. According to the authors, effect size is akin to the level of change or value that was supposed to have occurred due to an intervening process or variable. Effect size can be used to determine how much the improvement was relative to its original value, effect size is important because it could tell just how effective the intervention was in bringing about change. On the other hand, the authors also pointed out that high effect size is desired but often a small effect size for a large number of people is more desirable as it would bring about greater change. The authors also discussed the teaching models that have been found to have yielded promising results and those that have been applied successfully in some research studies. Social models of learning refers to group and cooperative learning against individual learning, it has been found that students who learn by cooperation and group work are more socially equipped, have better self-concept and positive attitudes to learning. The authors recommend that staff development on how to teach cooperative learning can actually lead to better academic performance. Information processing models make use of the learning process as the strategy to help students retain more information and learn more in a given period. The authors mentioned the use of advanced organizers and mnemonics, which both had been proven to increase student learning and output but this would require intensive training of teachers and a highly technical staff development program. The personal models refer to the use of person centered learning experiences; the authors said that synectics and nondirective learning would help students learn both academically and personally. However, some have argued that the personal models would likely have lesser academic impact because it focuses on the person. The behavioral models were taken from the work of Skinner and it makes use of the different behavioral methods such as programmed learning, conditioning, reinforcement and the like. Much research have actually found that behavioral methods are effective in increasing student performance and this have been the focus of many staff development programs. The authors also identified specific teaching methods that could be used to increase student performance across levels such as wait time and teacher expectation and student achievement. Wait time refers to the process of allowing students enough time to think about the teacher’s questions while teacher expectation says that there are differential treatments in the classroom. The authors conclude that designing staff development programs should make use of the most effective working models and strategies and that this should be the focus of administrators who wishes to see their schools improve. Application The article has pointed out several learning models that could be used effectively to enhance student learning and this could actually be applied to the design of staff development programs. The assumption here is that teachers could not teach what they do not have, and since these models are not the conventional models and traditional ones teachers have been trained to do, it is imperative that staff development be able to teach teachers the exact method and process for a more effective classroom experience. For example, a staff development program on using nondirective learning should start with an input on the theoretical and technical aspects of the model, and then a workshop on how to carry out classroom interaction within this model can be demonstrated to the teachers and then critiqued by the group and resource speaker. Then the second part of the training session would be to have the teachers design a lesson plan and demonstrate it to the group and a series of critiquing would also be done to help teachers see their weaknesses and strengths in using the model and then be able to make improvements. The experiential learning was used in this design as adult learners learn more effectively in this way. References Joyce Bruce, Showers, Beverly and Rolheiser-Bennett, Carol. â€Å"Staff Development and Student Learning: A Synthesis of Research on Models of Teaching. † Educational Leadership 45/2 (1987): 11-23.

Personal Theory Morality

Personal Theory Morality Free Online Research Papers Morality has always been an issue that I have tried with great intensity to pursue. I have had strong beliefs of what is right or wrong since I was a small child. Please don’t misjudge what I am saying I have not always conducted myself in an ethically moral way. I have made many wrong decisions in life, followed many paths that I should have not followed, and done many things that would constituted as ethically immoral. The one issue I feel that I have always wished to get off my chest is path I have chosen to follow with motherhood. I can remember since the age of fourteen having an incredible desire to be a ‘mommy’. I dreamed of what it would be like to have life in my stomach moving, growing, and becoming a part of my heart and soul. My philosophy is that so many in the world around me were focused on bickering and self interests that I eventually became lost in the fast pace of their lives. It seemed that I did not exist unless they were angry with me or I was ill. I was I always caught in the middle of arguments – being pulled in all directions. My parents constantly tried to force to me to make choose between them; acting solely in their own self interests. At times as a child I wondered if anyone would truly ever notice me and love me for who I was. As time went by I faded into the background of my parents lives which did nothing but increase my desire to have some one who would simply love me for me – unconditionally for all time. At this point of my life I know that I was acting in my own self interest – I wanted a child! Time passed and I became an adult. My human need to have a child became unbearable. At the age of nineteen I became pregnant by a man whom I had been with since the age of fourteen. I can honestly say that he suffered greatly from ethical inconsistency. At the time we found out I was pregnant he was elated and wanted our unborn child. To my surprise, one conversation with his mother had caused a sudden change of heart. His mother placed immense pressure for us to abort my child. Being vulnerable and young I did not stand for my individual freedom and responsibility. I now feel that if I would have had five minutes to truly think about what was happening I would have implemented utilarianism and allowed the good of having a child to override the bad that he and his mother where trying to push me into believing. My natural intuitionism pulled me to my child in the most powerful way, but the categorical imperative of their personal beliefs was laid heavily upon my shoulders. I was made to feel that if I did not abort the child I would be destroying both of our lives. Little did I know what the moral self cultivation of the decision I was pushed into making was going to do to me for years and years to come. The day of my abortion is still as clear to me today as it was then. He was at work truck driving – would not be there for me. No one knew I was pregnant other than him and his mother. I was left with no choice but to allow her to drive me. I remember sitting in the waiting area feeling myself screaming inside. Moral absolutism had complete control over my soul. I knew the step I was preparing to make was going to be one of the most significant that I could ever make. I felt shame, degradation, humiliation, and most importantly, I felt alone. The absolute truth was that I wanted my baby – I wanted to give life to him/her. Psychological determinism was overwhelming and consuming, but at that moment I felt that he and his mother’s fatalism had complete control over my determinism. I had the abortion. This was a decision that to this day my conscious cannot live with. How could I allow anyone to pressure me into killing my baby? My punishment for my final decision is everlasting regret. The psychological dangers that I have taken their toll on me. My emotional scars are deeply etched into my being. I will wonder until the end of time the never answered question – what if? I have accepted what I have done but will never forgive what I have done. I have shoved my emotions to the pit of my stomach and have tried to reason with myself over the years with no avail. The truth is there will never be a good enough reason for what I chose to do. My continual consequence is the emotions of pain resurfacing themselves at will my entire life tormenting me, slowly killing me. The pain I suffer will never be enough to justify the irrational thought process that I had at that time. My failure to act is etched in concrete. My moral dilemma is far from abstract. I will tell you that I have gained the wisdom over the years to adhere to my Golden Rule – do not make any decisions that you know in your h eart are morally wrong. Do not make any decision that you know in your heart you will regret for eternity. Eighteen years later I am a single mother of three. We are happy, stable, and content. I have a daughter Shealynn, who is going on 17 years of age, a son Robbie who is going on 15 years of age, and ShaVaughn who just turned is 6 years of age. As I watch my three beautiful children grow I wonder from time to time what my unborn child would look like, what would he or she be like, would he or she be happy like the rest of my children. I know now that I will always wonder†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Please do not mistake the point of my theory. I am pro choice I am a firm believer that women have an absolute right over their own bodies. I believe that we should have the right to decide whether or not we should bring a child to this earth. The responsibilities of raising a child are enormous. There are many logical and understandable reasons for not bringing a child to life. So long as a woman is not forced or pushed into making a decision that she does not wish to make I feel that it is the choice of the woman making the decision to have or not have a child. It is very important that any decision made is one that will allow integrity and self esteem to stay intact. Research Papers on Personal Theory MoralityEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtGenetic EngineeringStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Spring and Autumn

Airplan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Airplan - Research Paper Example fer packages such as the ATA Flier Program and the ATA Travel Awards which were low cost programs which afforded travelers the chance to earn travel points which they could use to get discounts. The airline was also a big employer which had more than 2,230 people by the time of its demise (Maxon, 2008). The company has had many financial troubles since its inception. The worst came in 2006 when it filed for bankruptcy and in 2008 when it failed to emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection (Lawton, 2007). There are many causes of the failure of ATA Airlines. These causes had a huge impact on the operations of ATA which led to its final demise. Below is an analysis of the causes and results of the company’s failure. There is also an overview of the possible solutions that could have saved the company from going under. The company was going through some financial difficulties when it closed down its operations. It could not finance its takeovers and neither could it sustain its existing operations. The financial crisis that hit the world did not spare ATA Airlines. The global financial crisis did a lot to make matters worse for the company. It was forced to file for bankruptcy twice: in 2006 and in 2008 (Maxon, 2008). The second time that the airline filed for bankruptcy was also the last time it was operational. Mismanagement might have led to the failure of ATA Airlines. Lack of leadership might have contributed to the fate that ATA Airlines fell to. Poor leadership may have led to the poor decisions that the Airline made. These decisions included takeovers and increasing operations even when it was clear that the company was not in a financial situation safe enough to carry out those operations (Lawton, 2007). It seems that ATA operated without having a solid operational strategy. The company sought to expand many of its flight services with little regard to the financial implications that this could have on its business (ATA Airlines). This lack of

Hyperinflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hyperinflation - Essay Example There is great debate regarding the growth of money supply as the cause of the inflation. According to the large section of the economists, there is a strong correlation between the inflation and growth in the money supply. In that case, hyperinflation can be considered as the ultimate case of the money supply growth over the intensification in the production of the domestic goods and services. The reason behind the excess growth of money supply is relatively higher spending of money by the government in comparison to the collection of the taxes and charges. It further leads to the printing of more money to bridge the gap between the expenditures and the revenues. This excess creation of the money by the government is the root of increment of the demand in the economy which directly enhances the price level. Besides that surplus money supply can generate demand for the imported products instead of having a constraint in the foreign currency supply. Eventually it results in depreciati ng the local currency (Web Archieve, â€Å"Hyperinflation: Causes, Cures†). It has already been discussed that the paper is focused on the economy of Zimbabwe. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the cause of hyperinflation in the nation and its effect will be demonstrated in the paper, but prior to that the global history of hyperinflation is exhibited below in a tabular format. In the above exhibited table the worst hyperinflations in the countries has been exhibited. Simultaneously, it also demonstrated a comparative analysis of the chosen country and the other countries in the world. Zimbabwe experienced hyperinflation for the first time in the 21st century. In this paper, it has been intended to produce the reliable record of the hyperinflation in Zimbabwe, which has been considered as the second highest inflation in the world history and one of the worst economic conditions in the world. Zimbabwe contravened the hyperinflation benchmark first in